Solar Car Subwoofer

Match the PV panel to the shape and size of your car's roof, and make sure that its expected daily output (peak watts x typical peak sun hours) will cover your expected daily load (total watts used x usage hours).

Also make sure the panel is designed for 12V battery charging systems; these will typically have 36 cells and open circuit output between 18V-20V. Most panels will fit the bill, but avoid the newer type that works with super-high-voltage grids. And if a panel is priced more than $5 per watt, you can probably find a better deal.

PV systems need a charge controller to keep the battery from getting overcharged. Some PV panels designed for small systems have charge control built in; this can be the easiest option, but it's often more expensive than using a separate charge controller.

Some controllers, like the Morningstar SunSaver and Steca Solsum 6.6, have a low-voltage disconnect that prevents the battery from draining too low under small loads. Completely draining a lead-acid battery hurts its performance, so this is a nice feature.

Pick a battery size using a similar calculation to sizing the panel. Your expected amp-hour (Ah) usage during non-sunny times (watts hours /12 volts) should be less than 2/3 times the battery's amp-hour rating (to ensure no more than a 2/3 discharge).

For more capacity, connect 2 batteries in parallel, which is what I did.

My car's roof rack made mounting the PV panel easy. I attached lengths of 2x2 lumber perpendicular to the rack's rails using U-bolts and Nyloc nuts, slipping plastic tubing around the bolts to protect the rails. After more than 3,000 highway miles, I noticed no loosening or deformation of any part.

My PV panel's frame consists of aluminum C-channel with holes in back for mounting. So I drilled holes through the 2x2s and used machine screws to attach the panel to the wood, securing them with nuts inside the aluminum channel.

I stashed the charge controller and batteries behind the driver's seat, and the subamp and speaker box under the passenger seat.

I located the small inverter in the middle, on a cable long enough to let it reach the front seat and charge my laptop and other gadgets. All of the equipment stayed out of my way and didn't interfere with folding the rear seats down.

To connect it all, I used landscape lighting cable because it's weatherproof, widely available, and inexpensive. For the interior, you could use any insulated wire 12-gauge or heavier.

I ran the output cable from the PV cell through my car's rear hatch rain gasket and up to the charge controller, simply stringing it over the interior carpet and around the back seat.

Follow the wiring diagram to connect everything together.

To protect your equipment, install fuses on the wires from the positive terminals of the battery and the PV panel. Locate the main fuse (30A-50A) on the battery, as close as possible to its positive terminal. A 30-amp fuse will support 350 watts of load.

Insulate all connections well with electrical tape to protect them from short circuits caused by jostling in the car, especially the battery posts and the main fuse holder. Make sure that no wires are in a position to get frayed or yanked. If you use crimp terminals, crimp them tight; the wire should break before it comes out of the crimp.